CODE MIXING AND SWITCHING ON ‘JUN BINTANG’ CAPTIONS ON THE INSTAGRAM

The phenomenon of mixing and switching languages can easily be found both in real life and on social media, one of which is on Instagram. On Instagram, someone can express themselves in the Instagram caption as Jun Bintang did. Jun Bintang is a multilingual who uses Balinese, Indonesian and English as code mixing and code switching on Instagram social media. Investigating code mixing and code switching as found in the captions of Jun Bintang posts on his Instagram account was the sole research objective. Qualitative research design with descriptive method was applied on code mixing and code switching phenomena. The research objects were focused on Jun Bintang’s posts in three languages, they were, Balinese, Indonesian, and English. Data were collected through observations conducted in March to May,2020. Results of data analysis showed that code mixing types frequently used were such types like 1) insertion, 2) congruent lexicalization, and 3) alternation. Whilst, code switching types used were that of 1) inter-sentential, and 2) intra-sentential. Reasons for using code mixing and switching were identified as showing 1) empathy, 2) ease of using first language, 3) purpose of talking specific topic, 4) prestige, 5) interjection, 6) motive, and 7) group identity.


INTRODUCTION
Language is a means of communication or interaction between humans with one another. Communication is broadly defined as an exchange of ideas, thoughts, feelings and the maintenance of such exchanges (Mujiono et al.,2013;Rahardi, 2001). A communication may be hindered when a speaker is unable to remember a term/word/phrase, but he could remember in other language. This phenomenon is termed as code mixing (Poplack, 1980;Saputro,2013;Spolsky,1998;Wardhaugh, 2002). A code could refer inter-changeably to dialect, accent, speech style, speech level, or even language (Bahous et al., 2014;Larbah, 2013;Mujiono et al., 2013;Sumarsih et al., 2014). Code switching is often alternated when as speaker is not able to express his ideas, thoughts, or feelings by arranging structurally and grammatically in other language (Hoffman,1991;Saputro, 2013;Shafie & Nayan, 2013).
Socio-linguistically, Indonesia is a multilingual state where people speak two or more languages simultaneously. Wardhaugh (2002) described the situation where people tend to speak using one or two languages in communication usually have the ability to be bilingual or multilingual. Similarly, Spolsky (1998) defined a bilingual as a person who has some functional ability in the second language. Rahardi (2001) added a bilingual as a person who has the ability to master many languages, instead of his/her first language. In Indonesia, there are three types of languages that are mostly used when communicating with others, they are, regional, national language, and international languages. A regional language refers to a language spoken in a province, for examples, Javanese, Balinese, or Sumatranese. A national language refers to a language designated in legislation and spoken as first language in a country, for example, Indonesian. An international language refers to a world language that is spoken and learned internationally by numerous people as a second or a foreign language, for examples, English, French, or German (Luke, 2015;Saputro, 2013).
In the era of information technology, many people speak the language with social media. Varieties of social media sites exist, for examples, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram to mention a few. They have created a new language of their own. Words like Avatar, Bio, Chat, and Follower all have entirely new meanings behind them. Previous research had explored code mixing and code switching with different social media platforms. Rinakit (2012) conducted research on code mixing on Twitter. Data were collected from the users" tweets. From all of the tweets written by the Indonesian twitter users, one-hundred tweets were filtered and selected for further analysis. The results indicated five types of code mixing used by the Indonesian twitter users. The code mixing types used by the Twitter users are as follows: Sentence inversion (51%), unit insertion (39,9%), idiom and collocation insertion (4,2%), unit hybridization (3,5%), and reduplication (1,4%). They reasoned for using such code mixing types are as follows: quoting somebody else (6,2%), showing the users' desire to be understood (4,5%), showing an educated person (31,2%), expressing habit (23,2%), talking something (11,6%), expressing mood (11,6%), and stressing a certain point (11,6%). Puri (2016) investigated types of code mixing used by Chef Talita Setyadi on Youtube. In collecting data, the purposive sampling method was used. Code mixing can be divided into five, based on their syntactic structure. This research concluded only four types of code mixing existed on the morpheme level with 14 cases, word-level in 8 cases, phrase level in 55 cases, and clause level in 12 cases. The reasons of mixing languages were found as talking about the same things by 72 cases, showing group identity by 6 cases, using repetition for clarification by 6 cases, stressing a certain point by 4 cases, and being emphatic about something by 1 case. Kalangit (2016) identified the occurrences of code switching on Instagram. In order to get data, an observations were conducted for three months in May to August 2016 to the captions of videos, stories, photos, and also comments written by Instagram users. He selected 120 data that could be categorized as code switching. After analyzing the data, three types of code switching were used by Instagram users on their captions. The type of code switching used are: Inter-sentential by 54 data, Intra-sentential by 50 data, and Emblematic by 16 data. The answer to the second research question indicated that ten reasons for using code mixing found by the researcher, however, the most frequent reason is showing empathic to others by 45 cases.
This research focuses on code mixing and code switching as posted on Jun Bintang Captions on Instagram. Because the phenomenon of code mixing and code switching is not only found in the real world, but also in social media. One of the social media that uses code mixing and code switching is Instagram. Through Instagram social media, they have the opportunity to upload photos or videos, write captions based on their feelings, and enjoy many up-to-date features from Instagram itself. Therefore, it is no stranger to Instagram that social media is popular with Indonesians.
One of the Instagram user is Jun Bintang. His full name is I Made Juniarta or wellknown as Jun Bintang, born in Gianyar-Bali, on June 28, 1975. He is a famous Balinese pop singer and songwriter in Bali. He started his career as a singer, then he tried to write a pop mellow song by himself. Almost all of his songs become favorite songs. He also is acting as an ambassador of Kopi Banyuatis, Prost Beer, and Yamaha Lexi. Being an ambassador for many different products he becomes so popular in the Province of Bali with more than three hundred followers. Uniquely, he is a talented multilingual for using Balinese, Indonesian, and English on the Instagram. He used three different languages on the Instagram to provide evidences of language mix and switch phenomena on Instagram.

RESEARCH METHOD
The design used was a Qualitative Research (Miles et.al, 2013;Spradley, 1980). The main purpose was directed to analyze code mixing and code switching really used on the Instagram. The research was focused on types of code mixing and code switching in Jun Bintang captions on Instagram. It also studied the reasons behind such language uses.
The research subject was Jun Bintang. He was born in Gianyar, on June 28, 1975. In addition, he was one of the public figures in Bali. He started his career as a solo singer in 2017, then trying to do a new journey in his life to be a songwriter. Furthermore, he also is an ambassador of Kopi Banyuatis, Prost Beer, and Yamaha Lexi. Being a famous singer and songwriter makes him get more than three hundred followers on his Instagram.
Research objects are data or reliable and valid information about code mixing and code switching types and reasons behind those language uses (Miles et.al, 2013;Spradley, 1980). The captions of Jun Bintang on Instagram account @junbintang_ were filtered to be the objects of the study. In writing the captions, he used three different languages in one post, they are, Indonesian, Balinese, and English (Amazouz etal., 2018;Bukhari et al., 2015;Myers-Scotton, 2006). Observations were done for eight consecutive days on June 4 to June 12. The data of Jun Bintang's posts were limited in the last three months, starting from March to May. There were 21 posts used more than one language in the captions.

Occurrence of Code Mixing and Switching
After data analysis, three types of code mixing were identified based on Muysken's (2000) theory. Code mixing types used were those of insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization were found. Concurrently, two code switching types were identified based on Hoffman"s theory (1991), namely, intra-sentential and inter-sentential but non tag switch in Jun Bintang captions on Instagram. The reasons for such language uses were also disclosed as to talk on specific topics, quote others" speeches, emphasize on somethings, insert interjections, express group"s identities, translate into different languages, fulfill certain motives, and show prestige. The occurrences of code mixing and code switching are shown in the following table.  (Hoffman,1991;Muysken,2000). On Jun"s verbal encounters as quoted in "Rahina Jagat" or People"s Festival, three languages were used, namely Balinese and Indonesian, and English. Balinese, Indonesian, and English were mixed, for examples, "tyang" or I, "dumogi" or hope, "Hindu sedharma" or my fellows in Hinduism", "dumogi ring rahina sane becik niki" (Balinese) ,"beri judul" or gave a title, "merayakan" or celebrated, "kedamaian hati serta pikiran" or peaceful heart and mind" (Indonesian), "shooting" (English).

3) Congruent Lexicalization
This type of code mixing happens from a certain language that is made equivalent to other language (Hoffman,1991;Kurnia, 2015;Muysken, 2000). It is mostly used when a speaker wants to say, for example, in Indonesian, but he does not know the word, a word in another language is used. Congruent lexicalization was used in Jun Bintang caption as shown in the following quote.
The word "diposting" is crongruently lexicalized in English with a prefix di-in the absence of such a word in Balinese or Indonesian. Moreover, "mosting" has become a derived Balinese word which means lexically "to post" in English. Some code mixes in irregular Balinese dialect, for examples: "meceklek pedidi" or clicking by itself, ill-formed "pertinyiinnyi" or the question, instead of "pertanyaannya" in Indonesian.

4) Intra-sentential Swicthing
Intra-sentential code switching is used when a speaker switches from one code to another using a phrase (Hoffman,1991;Ismail, 2015;Muysken, 2000). Such code switching often identified within Jun Bintang caption like in the following example.

5) Inter-sentential Switching
The second type of code switching is inter-sentential code switching. Intersentential code switching occurs when a speaker switches from one language to another during communication (Cahyani, et al., 2018;Hoffman, 1991;Milroy & Muysken, 1995;